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The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on medical care and medical education in Peru. In response, the Peruvian American Medical Society (PAMS), a charitable medical organization based in the USA, pursued its medical and educational missions in Peru by adopting virtual learning technology. We developed closer collaborative relationships with several medical schools and the Peruvian Association of Medical Schools (ASPEFAM) while offering a faculty panel of twenty-four members to provide lectures and multidisciplinary webinars in Spanish. We conducted 19 webinars including COVID -19 and non-COVID-19 related topics that over the last two years attracted 14,489 participants from 23 countries. They were the foundation for twenty publications in Peruvian medical journals. Our clinical investigations competition was positively received as was our pilot project on research mentorship. The COVID -19 pandemic had a positive effect on the educational mission of PAMS in Peru.
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Introduction: Until the moment it has not studied, how the couples experienced the fact to be contaminate with COVID-19 during the pregnancy. Objective: To characterize the coping styles and the perceived social support, in couples contaminated with covid-19 during the pregnancy. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, not experimental, and traversal study was develop in the second semester of 2021, with a sample of 40 couples. The Interview in depth, the Observation, the Coping Styles to the Illness and the Social Support Questionnaire, was use to pick up information. The data it were process in the statistical package SPSS version 22. Results: The 100% of the smokers used affective/distraction and all the patients with chronic illnesses manifested anxiety, depression and fear to die, when they were positive to COVID-19. In the couples, the women (68,6%) searching more information about COVID -19 that the men (31,4%). In the case of perceived social support, the patients and the couples of the urban area, they referred high support perception, contrary to those coming from the rural area. In turn it prevailed the instrumental support and the informative-emotional one. Conclusions: The antecedents of health and the sex, impacts in the confrontation to the illness. Equally to count with family and near friends, is an influence in the perception of the social support. Also, the kind of social support and the perception of the same one, rebound in the confrontation style to the SARS-CoV-2 © Este material es publicado según los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución–NoComercial 4.0. Se permite el uso, distribución y reproducción no comerciales y sin restricciones en cualquier medio, siempre que sea debidamente citada la fuente primaria de publicación
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Background: It is known that survivors of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection can experience a complex disease known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). The clinical manifestations of acute COVID-19 have been well characterized however less is known about the risk of new onset diabetes mellitus (DM) in the post-acute phase of COVID-19. Method(s): An adult cohort with confirmed COVID-19 (by diagnosis or positive test) and without COVID-19 was sampled from a large national health research network between January 1st, 2020 and July 8th, 2022. We investigated the outcomes of a new diagnosis of DM (type I or II) occurring after COVID-19 through 12 months after infection. Risk estimates [incidence, relative risk (RR), attributable risk] were used to describe the probability of incident post-COVID diabetes. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to describe risk factors associated with new diabetes. Result(s): The 3-month probability of new diabetes was 2.48/1,000 among COVID+ and the relative risk (RR) of new diabetes was highest at 12 months [8.94 (8.54, 9.36)]. Vitamin D deficiency [HR: 1.52 (95% CI: 1.42, 1.63)] was associated with increased risk of T2DM and having vitamin D deficiency with either obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) or kidney dysfunction (GFR < 60) was associated with more than five times increased risk of T1DM. Conclusion(s): We observed a large proportion of excess diabetes starting at 3 months post COVID infection. Traditional risk factors for diabetes, omicron variant, and vitamin D deficiency are associated with increased risk of new diabetes outcome. PASC care should involve identification and management of diabetes. (Figure Presented).
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Background: People with HIV (PWH) are at a higher risk of severe acute COVID-19;however, their risk of subsequently developing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV2 (PASC) remains unclear. Furthermore, although vaccination has been shown to be protective against PASC in the general population, few studies have evaluated its effectiveness in PWH. Method(s): We used the TriNetX health research database to source data from 69 healthcare organizations within the US. We included any adults aged >= 18 years with positive SARS-CoV-2 between January 1, 2020 and September 16, 2022 and categorized them based on their HIV status, baseline sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities and COVID-19 vaccination status. The primary outcome was risk of PASC, compared by HIV and vaccination status after 1:1 propensity score matching. PASC was defined as either the persistence of COVID-attributable symptoms or the occurrence of new-onset health conditions at least 28 days following COVID-19 diagnosis. For all analysis, statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Result(s): Of 3,048,792 people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1% (n=28,904) were PWH, with 9% of PWH (n=2592) vaccinated. At 28 days post-COVID-19 diagnosis, PWH had lower mortality compared with their non-HIV counterparts (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70-0.87), but higher risk of developing new-onset diabetes (DM) (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11-1.42), heart disease (OR 1.27, 95% 1.14-1.41), malignancy (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.45-1.89), thrombosis (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.39) and mental health disorders (OR 1.70 (95% CI 1.53-1.90). Furthermore, vaccinated PWH had significantly lower odds of death (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42- 0.93) and each new-onset PASC outcome, as follows: DM (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.32- 0.82), heart disease (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.67), malignancy (OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.25-0.74), thrombosis (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.78) and mental health disorders (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.79). The risk of PASC was higher during the pre-Delta variant period but did not vary based on CD4 count or HIV viremia. Conclusion(s): HIV infection confers a higher risk of PASC. Importantly, COVID-19 vaccination significantly lowered mortality and was protective against PASC among PWH. With the increase in the number of COVID-19 survivors, vaccination offers an effective preventive strategy to address a burgeoning public health problem. (Table Presented).
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Background: Sex differences in immunological responses to COVID-19 infection and mechanisms that may contribute towards post-acute sequelae of SARS-Co-V2 (PASC) have been reported. However, evidence on the effects of COVID infection on vascular dysfunction and PASC are limited. Method(s): FDA approved EndoPAT device was used to measure endothelial function [Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)] and arterial stiffness [Augmentation Index standardized at 75 beats/min (AI@75;higher AI = worse arterial elasticity)] in an adult cohort (age >=18 years) with a history of COVID-19 infection (COVID+) or confirmed SARS-CoV2 antibody negative (COVID-). Generalized linear regression was used to compute estimates of RHI and AI@75. Adjusted models included age, sex, race, blood pressure, lipids, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and pre-existing comorbidities. Two-way interactions were used to determine if the effects of COVID or PASC status on endothelial function depends on age, sex, race, smoking status, or prevalent comorbidities. Result(s): 61.99% (n=305) of study participants were COVID- and 187 (38.01%) were COVID+. Among COVID+, 57.22% (n=107) were female, 31.72% (n=59) were non-white race, and the average age was 46.64+/-13.79 years. COVIDparticipants had a smaller proportion (38.03%) of female sex (p< .0001), lower BMI [COVID+ (30.79+/-8.95 kg/m2) vs. COVID- (27.76+/-5.89 kg/m2);p< .0001], and higher proportion of smokers [COVID+ (17.78%) vs. COVID- (58.22%);p< .0001]. The average follow-up was 349.68+/-276.76 days and 109 (22.15%) COVID+ experienced PASC. 42.48% (n=80) of COVID+ and 41.64% (n=127) of COVID- had RHI<= 1.67 (p=0.8). The average AI@75 among COVID+ without PASC was 3.63+/-16.24, with PASC was 10.5+/-14.72, and 3.11+/-15.97 among COVID- (p=0.0001). Male sex had the lowest AI@75 (-0.08+/-14.9) compared to female sex (10.75+/-15.3;< .0001). In adjusted models, PASC, female sex had 8.14+/-2.95 higher AI@75 compared to PASC, male sex (p=0.006), 18.58+/-2.99 higher AI@75 compared to COVID+ without PASC, male sex (p< .0001), 13.81+/-2.11 higher AI@75 compared to COVID-, male sex (p< .0001), and 4.97+/-2.28 higher AI@75 compared to COVID-, female sex (p=0.03). Sex was not associated with RHI or modified the effect of COVID or PASC status on endothelial function Conclusion(s): The effect of COVID and PASC status on arterial stiffness depends on sex. Female sex is associated with increased arterial stiffness (worse arterial elasticity) in the post-acute phase of COVID-19. (Figure Presented).
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Background: COVID-19 shows different clinical and pathophysiological stages over time. Theeffect of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms (DEOS) to hospitalization on COVID-19prognostic factors remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact on mortality of DEOS to hospital-ization and how other independent prognostic factors perform when taking this time elapsedinto account. Methods: This retrospective, nationwide cohort study, included patients with confirmed COVID-19 from February 20th and May 6th, 2020. The data was collected in a standardized online datacapture registry. Univariate and multivariate COX-regression were performed in the generalcohort and the final multivariate model was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in an earlypresenting (EP; < 5 DEOS) and late presenting (LP; ≥5 DEOS) group. Results: 7915 COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis, 2324 in the EP and 5591 in theLP group. DEOS to hospitalization was an independent prognostic factor of in-hospital mortalityin the multivariate Cox regression model along with other 9 variables. Each DEOS incrementaccounted for a 4.3% mortality risk reduction (HR 0.957; 95% CI 0.93---0.98). Regarding variationsin other mortality predictors in the sensitivity analysis, the Charlson Comorbidity Index onlyremained significant in the EP group while D-dimer only remained significant in the LP group. Conclusion: When caring for COVID-19 patients, DEOS to hospitalization should be consideredas their need for early hospitalization confers a higher risk of mortality. Different prognosticfactors vary over time and should be studied within a fixed timeframe of the disease.
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PurposeThis paper aims to study the type of short-time work (STW) schemes implemented in Spain to preserve jobs and workers' incomes during the COVID-19 crisis and the corresponding labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approachA dynamic macroeconomic model of job creation and destruction of the search and matching type in a dual labour market. FindingsThe model shows that the availability of STW schemes does not necessarily prevent a large increase in unemployment and job destruction. The quantitative effects depend on the degree of subsidization of payroll taxes and on the design of the policy. A scenario with a moderate degree of subsidization and where the subsidy is independent of the reduction in hours worked is the least harmful for both welfare and fiscal deficit. The cost of such a strategy is a higher unemployment rate. Concerning heterogeneous effects, the unemployed are the ones who experience the strongest distributional changes. Originality/valueThe effectiveness of STW schemes in dual labour markets using a search and matching model in the context of the COVID-19 crisis has not been analysed elsewhere. The literature has emphasized the importance of dynamics, labour market institutions and workers' heterogeneity to understand workforce adjustment decisions in the face of temporary shocks to de- mand especially when firms' human capital is relevant. These elements are present in the model. In addition, this paper computes welfare and distributional effects and the cost of these policies.
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Social networks and other digital media deal with huge amounts of user-generated contents where hate speech has become a problematic more and more relevant. A great effort has been made to develop automatic tools for its analysis and moderation, at least in its most threatening forms, such as in violent acts against people and groups protected by law. One limitation of current approaches to automatic hate speech detection is the lack of context. The spotlight on isolated messages, without considering any type of conversational context or even the topic being discussed, severely restricts the available information to determine whether a post on a social network should be tagged as hateful or not. In this work, we assess the impact of adding contextual information to the hate speech detection task. We specifically study a subdomain of Twitter data consisting of replies to digital newspapers posts, which provides a natural environment for contextualized hate speech detection. We built a new corpus in Spanish (Rioplatense variant) focused on hate speech associated to the COVID-19 pandemic, annotated using guidelines carefully designed by our interdisciplinary team. Our classification experiments using state-of-the-art transformer-based machine learning techniques show evidence that adding contextual information improves the performance of hate speech detection for two proposed tasks: binary and multi-label prediction, increasing their Macro F1 by 4.2 and 5.5 points, respectively. These results highlight the importance of using contextual information in hate speech detection. Our code, models, and corpus has been made available for further research. © 2013 IEEE.
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The pandemic has been a real shock, also in the markets for sustainable agricultural products. This article analyses, firstly and through secondary data, the changes in the consumption patterns of fresh produce of Spaniards during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the changes in the typology of channels and types of purchasing establishments. Secondly, primary data (surveys and interviews) are used to analyse the perception that a sample of farmers from Valencia (linked to sustainable production) have of the impact of confinement, and their response and adaptation strategies. The results highlight, on the consumers' side, changes in consumption habits (direct and internet purchases, higher quality, etc.) and, on the producers' side, differentiated strategies, with equally different effects depending on the initial production environment (certified organic farming versus sustainable practices) or the time elapsed (response in the first moments of confinement versus the response they were able to give after a few months), among others. © 2023 Universidad Compultense Madrid. All rights reserved.
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Antecedentes La COVID-19 muestra diferentes fases clínicas y fisiopatológicas a lo largo del tiempo. El efecto de los días transcurridos desde el comienzo de los síntomas (DTCS) hasta la hospitalización sobre los factores pronósticos de la COVID-19 sigue siendo incierto. Analizamos el impacto en la mortalidad de los DTCS hasta la hospitalización y cómo se comportan otros factores pronósticos independientes al tener en cuenta dicho tiempo transcurrido. Métodos En este estudio de cohortes nacional retrospectivo se incluyó a pacientes con COVID-19 confirmada entre el 20 de febrero y el 6 de mayo de 2020. Los datos se recopilaron en un registro normalizado de captura de datos en línea. Se realizó una regresión de Cox uni y multifactorial en la cohorte general y el modelo multifactorial final se sometió a un análisis de sensibilidad en un grupo de presentación precoz (PP) < 5 DTCS y otro de presentación tardía (PT) ≥ 5 DTCS). Resultados En el análisis se incluyó a 7.915 pacientes con COVID-19, 2.324 en el grupo de PP y 5.591 en el de PT. Los DTCS hasta la hospitalización fueron un factor pronóstico independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el modelo de regresión de Cox multifactorial junto con otras nueve variables. Cada incremento en un DTCS supuso una reducción del riesgo de mortalidad del 4,3% (RRI = 0,957;IC 95%, 0,93-0,98). En cuanto a las variaciones de otros factores predictivos de la mortalidad en el análisis de sensibilidad, únicamente el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson siguió siendo significativo en el grupo de PP, mientras que únicamente el dímero D lo siguió siendo en el grupo de PT. Conclusiones Al atender a pacientes con COVID-19 hay que tener en cuenta los DTCS hasta la hospitalización porque la necesidad de hospitalización precoz confiere un mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Los diferentes factores pronósticos varían con el tiempo y deberían estudiarse dentro de un marco temporal fijo de la enfermedad.
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Brazil has suffered severe consequences from the Covid-19 pandemic, currently ranking second globally in terms of total fatalities, with more than 682,000 lives lost. This article critically outlines how a ‘health security' framework overlooks processes of intersectionality and the varying impacts of the virus on different segments of society, or what we term health insecurity. We organize our analysis around three aspects of the pandemic that have become salient in Brazilian society, namely access to healthcare, disposable workers, and exposure to the virus, and delineate the intersectional impact of gendered inequality, neoliberal ideologies, and racial hierarchies within these three themes. Our methodology employs media and scholarly interpretations of Covid-19, and other secondary empirical and statistical data, to outline the virus's impacts on differently positioned bodies throughout Brazilian society. Our main findings reveal that during the pandemic, women's labor and health concerns have been undervalued, exploitative working conditions have been exacerbated, and Afro-Brazilians have been put in situations of higher exposure to the virus in both public and private spaces. This article underscores the need to better examine how public health, systems of oppression and exclusion, and (in)security overlap with each other. © The Author(s) 2023.
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Introduction: COVID-19, as of 9 June 2020, had been responsible for 404,396 deaths worldwide. Throughout the pandemic, IRCU and ICU directly cared for patients with severe or very severe respiratory failure due to COVID19 pneumonia. Objective(s): To determine if N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) could be associated with lower mortality risk. Methodology: 1141 patients from March to May 2020 admitted to the ICU and IRCU of the Fundacion Jimenez Diaz were analysed. Patients with <3 days of hospital admission and those with CURB-65 equal to or <0 were excluded. A multivariate regression logistics models have been used to respond to our hypothesis and investigate the relationship between each variable and the mortality. Result(s): Of all patients analyzed, 44% received treatment with NAC associated with other drugs according to established protocols. Of these, 55% were male, most non-smokers with a mean age of 74.43 years. In table 2 we describe statistically significant predictive parameters associated with a decreased risk of mortality in severe or very severe patients with an area AUC of 0.80 Conclusion(s): Adjuvant treatment with NAC in severe or very severe COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality by 30% in elderly patients, principally males, and with associated co-morbidities.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the health and living conditions of the world's population. In educational matters, social confinement forced the transition from a face-To-face modality to a virtual scheme supported by the use of information technologies and the Internet. This represented a challenge to access quality education at all levels, especially for the most vulnerable population groups, such as intercultural university education aimed at the indigenous population. Objective: To describe the perception that teachers of an intercultural university in southeastern Mexico have, regarding the impact that the adoption of a virtual and distance educational practice has had on the quality of education due to Covid-19. Methodology: Descriptive and cross-sectional quantitative research. The information was collected through the application of structured questionnaires consisting of 27 questions and 41 items, which were applied to a universe of 34 teachers from the seven degrees offered by the university. Results: It was found that the pandemic negatively affected the university intercultural educational process, accentuating the inequity in access to technological means for quality education. © 2022 Universidad de La Habana. All rights reserved.
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What is this summary about? This is a summary of an article about part of a clinical study for the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine, also called the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. The article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2021. This summary describes how the vaccine worked in participants 12- to 15-years old. The part of the study described in the article is ongoing and expected to finish March 2023. This means that the final results may be different from the results included in this summary. What happened in this study? The part of the study described in this summary included participants 12- to 15-years old who had no serious health issues. The BNT162b2 vaccine had already been studied in participants 16 years of age or older. In this part of the study, the researchers wanted to find out: * How effective and safe the vaccine was in participants 12- to 15-years old. * What the immune response to the vaccine and the vaccine safety were like in 12- to 15-year-olds compared with 16- to 25-year-olds. * How well the vaccine prevented SARS-CoV-2 infections in participants who received the vaccine compared to those who did not. This is also called efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine Half of the participants in this study received 2 injections of the BNT162b2 vaccine and half received 2 injections of a placebo in a muscle of the upper arm. The placebo looked like the BNT162b2 vaccine but did not have any active vaccine in it. What were the results? * BNT162b2 had a favorable safety profile. The most common reactions were pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. None of the participants had serious reactions to the vaccine. * The 12- to 15-year-old participants' immune system responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine were as good as or stronger than the 16- to 25-year-old participants' immune responses. * The participants who received the BNT162b2 vaccine were less likely to get COVID-19 compared with the participants who got the placebo.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.
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The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) developed and implemented epidemic monitoring and modeling tools to support the organization and planning of an adequate and timely response to the COVID-19 health emergency. The aim of this article is to describe the methodology and results of the early outbreak detection tool called COVID-19 Alert. An early warning traffic light was developed that uses time series analysis and a Bayesian method of early detection of outbreaks from electronic records on COVID-19 for suspected cases, confirmed cases, disabilities, hospitalizations, and deaths. Through Alerta COVID-19, the beginning of the fifth wave of COVID-19 in the IMSS was detected in a timely manner, three weeks before the official declaration. The proposed method is aimed at generating early warnings before the start of a new wave of COVID-19, monitoring the serious phase of the epidemic, and supporting decision-making within the institution;unlike other tools that have an approach aimed at communicating risks to the community. We can conclude that the Alerta COVID-19 is an agile tool that incorporates robust methods for the early detection of outbreaks. Copyright © 2023 Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.
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Modular construction is an excellent technique for achieving the rapid and safe development of facilities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Beams are fundamental to modular construction. However, owing to various environmental conditions, novel methods are required to collect the characteristics for conducting structural analysis of beams according to the required needs. In this study, the performance of the coupled displacement field method in beam analysis was evaluated. The expressions for the transverse displacement were derived using an allowable function of total rotation. The function was obtained using the finite-element approximation method based on undetermined coefficients. Thus, the equation of motion was derived using the principle of conservation of energy. The Newmark method and mode superposition technique were then used to solve the obtained equations in MATLAB. The results showed that the method used was suitable in applications that require the analysis of high-slenderness beams in modular constructions. In this method, strong vibrations were induced in the beam owing to its greater flexibility. The recommended method is less complex than other energy methods because the computational effort is halved. Therefore, this formulation can be applied to conduct the free vibration analysis of flexible structural members under various shears using Timoshenko beam models under various boundary conditions. Thus, the coupled displacement field method can be used to derive appropriate solutions to other complex problems, such as modular construction. © 2022 Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) has complications such as transfer from PD to HD and increased morbidity and mortality. In our environment, there is little information regarding survival in this population. Method(s): Retrospective cohort, 147 PD patients, 18 years, with PD catheter removal between 2018-2021. Clinical, biochemical and technique-related variables were measured. Patients who died of cancer and other unrelated causes were excluded. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Mayer analysis and Cox regression analysis were used Results: Age 42 +- 17 years, 65% men, 65% unknown cause of CKD. The time between peritonitis diagnosis and catheter removal was 37 (25-61) days. Nine patients (6%) returned to PD, the rest (94%) remained on HD due to unfit abdomen (55%), patient decision (9%), unknown (17%), others (19%). Mortality was 31% and the causes of death were: sepsis (33%), COVID-19 (29%), pneumonia (19%), pulmonary edema (5%), hyperkalemia (5%), CVD (5%), others (4%). Survival after the refractory peritonitis event was 25 (95% CI 22-28) months. Survival at 3, 12, 24, and 36 months was 87%, 71%, 61%, and 35%. In the bivariate analysis, age, DM, time on dialysis, and serum albumin were associated with a higher risk of death. However, in the multivariate analysis, only time on dialysis was significant (OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.002-1.027). [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): Mortality was 31% and the most frequent cause of death was sepsis. Patient survival was 25 (95% CI 22-28) months. Time on dialysis was associated with a higher probability of death. It is necessary to compare these results with a group of patients who do not present failure of the technique. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023
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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 shows different clinical and pathophysiological stages over time. The effect of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms (DEOS) to hospitalization on COVID-19 prognostic factors remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact on mortality of DEOS to hospitalization and how other independent prognostic factors perform when taking this time elapsed into account. METHODS: This retrospective, nationwide cohort study, included patients with confirmed COVID-19 from February 20th and May 6th, 2020. The data was collected in a standardized online data capture registry. Univariate and multivariate COX-regression were performed in the general cohort and the final multivariate model was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in an early presenting (EP; <5 DEOS) and late presenting (LP; ≥5 DEOS) group. RESULTS: 7915 COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis, 2324 in the EP and 5591 in the LP group. DEOS to hospitalization was an independent prognostic factor of in-hospital mortality in the multivariate Cox regression model along with other 9 variables. Each DEOS increment accounted for a 4.3% mortality risk reduction (HR 0.957; 95% CI 0.93-0.98). Regarding variations in other mortality predictors in the sensitivity analysis, the Charlson Comorbidity Index only remained significant in the EP group while D-dimer only remained significant in the LP group. CONCLUSION: When caring for COVID-19 patients, DEOS to hospitalization should be considered as their need for early hospitalization confers a higher risk of mortality. Different prognostic factors vary over time and should be studied within a fixed timeframe of the disease.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Cohort Studies , Retrospective Studies , Hospital Mortality , SARS-CoV-2 , Comorbidity , Hospitalization , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The aim of the article is to present selected issues related to the impact of the pandemic on the universality of e-health services, as well as to show the readiness to use such services by the inhabitants of urban and rural areas in Poland. Several hypotheses are launched regarding the COVID-19 effect in relation to the implementation, use and access to e-health services and the skills needed to use them. The article includes an analysis of the legal and social context accompanying organisational changes in the health care system caused by the presence of the COVID-19 virus, as well as an analysis of the results of quantitative research on the attitude of rural residents to such solutions. Data obtained in a study from the WE Patients Foundation provide some insight into the complexity of factors governing e-health use, showing less differences between city and rural areas than we hypothesised.